Migrating male European Barn Swallows with heavy infestations of ectoparasites arrived later than other males on the breeding grounds (Møller et al. In the west, it begins in early August in British Columbia and peaks in late August or early September (Campbell et al. Distributional information on Barn Swallows is also provided by published summaries of historical observations compiled in the Northwest Territories (Bird Studies Canada 2010c), British Columbia (Campbell et al. 2004. Bird Studies Canada. Breeding bird atlas projects cover most of the Barn Swallow’s breeding range in Canada. and C.A. Elle fait son nid, couve et nourrit ses petits L’hirondelle rustique, appelée également l’hirondelle de cheminée ou l’hirondelle des granges, est une espèce d’oiseau appartenant à l’ordre des passériformes (passereaux) et à la famille des hirundinidés. Extinct (X) A wildlife species that no longer exists. : 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail Website. obs. 493. Butcher, D. Demarest, R. Dettmers, E.H. Dunn, W. Easton, W.C. Hunter, E.E. Andreev, and D.L. After leaving the nest, fledglings stay together and are fed by parents for about a week (NatureServe 2010). 2011. 2011; Table 3) – a pattern that diminishes the long-term potential for rescue. Auk 94:149-150. Email correspondence to J. McCracken. Since the 1980s, however, data from BBS, breeding bird atlas projects and ÉPOQ all point to a significant and persistent decline of Barn Swallow populations. Landbird Biologist. The bulk of the North American population winters in lowlands across South America (including the Galápagos Islands; Brown and Brown 1999a). Population Limitation in Birds. There is also the potential for harvest of Barn Swallows for food at large wintering roosts in South America (Brown and Brown 1999a). Areas inhabited in northern extremities of the range are mostly localized to human settlements and are less continuous than depicted. Search effort that yields distributional data on Barn Swallows mainly comes from intensive breeding bird atlas work conducted in the 1980s and in the 2000s in several provinces: Ontario (Cadman et al. 2010c. Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Maritime Provinces. Bird-Banding 24:91-100. 1997; Brown and Brown 1999a; Saino et al. This species forages in the air, and specializes on a diet of flying insects. Age 27:307-318. and M.B. Oxford Univ. Condor 97:639-649. It breeds throughout southern Quebec (Landry and Bombardier 1996), and east through the Maritime provinces and southern Newfoundland (Godfrey 1986). Campbell, R.W., N.K. There is no doubt that they occur widely on public lands that are protected as federal and provincial protected areas, such as national parks (the Barn Swallow is present in at least 44 protected areas managed by Parks Canada; Parks Canada 2009), Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, National Wildlife Areas, and provincial parks. 2007; Latendresse et al. Many aspects of the biology of the Barn Swallow have been studied intensively in Europe for more than 30 years (Møller 1994 and others). 1986. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Manitoba Avian Research Committee. Nest-site selection in the Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica: What predicts seasonal reproductive success? Changements de l’occupation du sol dans le sud du Québec pour la période 1993-2001. Barn Swallows typically select nesting and foraging sites close to open habitats such as farmlands of various description, wetlands, road rights-of-way, large forest clearings, cottage areas, islands, sand dunes, and subarctic tundra (Peck and James 1987). 2010a. Email correspondence to C. Savignac. It is not considered a ‘Watch List Species’ or a ‘Stewardship Species’ in the North American Landbird Conservation Plan (Rich et al. *G = is a global status rank; S = rank assigned to a province or state; N = is a national status rank. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93:371-377. At the global level, the Barn Swallow is considered ‘Secure’ (G5, Table 4). In such cases, some restrictions on the use, reproduction or communication of such copyrighted work may apply and it may be necessary to seek permission from rights holders prior to use, reproduction or communication of these works. (Accessed: October 5, 2009). U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 619. 1998. Habitat. Ce livre organisé par habitat dresse le portrait de 80 oiseaux européens que vous pouvez observer près de chez vous. No Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge is currently available (but see Habitat requirements). 2nd Edition. COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Tel. Barn Swallow population trends in adjacent jurisdictions of the. endstream endobj 2484 0 obj <>stream Partners in Flight Technical Series No 5. 22. 2006. Dunn, E.H., J. Larivée, and A. Cyr. Females first breed at 1 year old; some males remain unpaired until 2 years old (NatureServe 2010). Hilty, S.L. Press, Oxford. A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Journal of Field Ornithology 60:323-328. Climate Research 35:159–164. The total area planted to row crops increased by 23% since 1960, due to, among other things, new policies favouring grain production for livestock (Jobin et al. �q:X Ey�H���f� @�O�4�M8`���Lo���>HF=^Ov�31*ﻢ�9������_��J�� N��>��+%COe띏J4x6����R��3s���F�1 1976. There is no overlap between the breeding and winter ranges except in portions of Central Mexico (Brown and Brown 1999a; Figure 1). Landscape Ecology 17:495–507. A white band appears across the tail. It has figured prominently in studies on the costs and benefits of group-living (Snapp 1976; Møller 1987; Shields and Crook 1987), and has served as a model organism for detailed studies on the mechanisms of sexual selection (Møller 1994) and the effects of climate change and ectoparasites on breeding ecology (Brown and Brown 1999a). One limitation of the BBS is that it probably does not wholly track colonial and semi-colonial species like the Barn Swallow. 1996; Latendresse et al. For the most recent 10-year period (1999 to 2009, or roughly three generations), BBS data show a significant decline of 3.5% per year (Table 2), which represents a 30% decline over the decade (95% CI = -39.5% to -18.3%).1. Colonies in Canada contain up to 83 pairs (n = 135 colonies; Campbell et al. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing. Barn Swallows trade survival against offspring condition and immunocompetence. 1998. Ambrosini, R., A.M., Bolzern, L. Canova, and N. Saino. In Canada, most suitable Barn Swallow breeding habitat is located on private land, which for the most part is not protected. Environment Canada’s Prairie & Northern Habitat Monitoring Program Phase II: Recent habitat trends in the PHJV. Fuhlendorf, W.C. Harrell, D.M. and d.r. Smith, H.G. 22 pp. In the tall-grass prairies of Oklahoma, Barn Swallows used habitats containing creeks and grasslands that have been annually burned (Coppedge et al. Watmough, M.D. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. In southern Canada, adults start to return in the spring by the end of April and the first week of May, but the main influx occurs in mid-May, tailing off in early June (Landry and Bombardier 1996). Settlement patterns of female Barn swallows Hirundo rustica across different group sizes: access to colorful males or favored nests? Mason, E.A. OY��U9�#��Aо%JPY��G�Y��|�)m������p�|�}"m2G�9Z�Y��n�X��D�-�P�$��xT.e���VĽ���!�CV92 Egg-laying starts in the second week of May in southern Canada. In Alberta, comparison of the two atlas periods indicates that the Barn Swallow’s relative abundance has declined in all Natural Regions of the province since the first atlas period that began in 1986 (Federation of Alberta Naturalists 2007). The following list includes only those persons who contributed substantial information to the report: Blancher, Peter. Hirondelle rustique (Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica) Phénologie et reproduction Nidification: mai à août Couvaison: 14 à 16 jours Durée du séjour au nid: 20 à 22 jours Durée de nourrissage […] The Barn Swallow is perhaps the only northern temperate breeder that commonly winters in South America and occasionally also breeds there during the boreal winter (Brown and Brown 1999a). 1997; Brown and Brown 1999a). Landry, L. and M. Bombardier. A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. This suggests that loss of foraging habitat does not, by itself, explain Barn Swallow population declines. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 121:543–560. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28:195-201. Pashley, C.J. 1986; Peck and James 1987; Campbell et al. 600 pp. 2008. Diese Webseite verwendet Cookies. Rich, C.M. 2004. Incubation, which is performed mainly by the female (Smith and Montgomerie 1991), lasts 13-14 days in Ontario (Peck and James 1987) and 12-17 days in British Columbia (Campbell et al. Can checklist programs be used to monitor populations of birds recorded during the migration season? + appendices. The extent to which declines in the availability of artificial nesting sites is actually limiting the Canadian population is unclear. L’Hirondelle rustique est l’une des espèces d’oiseaux terrestres les plus communes et les plus répandues du monde. A major limitation of atlas projects is that they are typically conducted only at 20-year intervals. McCracken, J. 1979. 2007; Federation of Alberta Naturalists 2007). For enquiries, contact us. Creighton. Regional surveys, such as breeding bird atlases in Ontario and the Maritimes, and the Étude des populations d’oiseaux du Québec, also show significant declines over the long term, as do surveys from the United States. Indices are plotted on a log scale, showing 95% Confidence Intervals. Unlike many other songbird species, Barn Swallows are rarely exposed to nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Brown and Brown 1999a). It breeds rarely and sporadically in Nunavut, where it is considered a vagrant (Richards and White 2008). Yes, but nesting and foraging habitats continue to be lost. Hirundo rustica. Surveys start one half hour before sunrise and last 4.5 hours. Most foraging takes place within a few hundred metres from the colony and usually within 500 m (Møller 1987). 2003. London: Christopher Helm. 511 pp. Web site: http://www.se.gov.sk.ca/ecosystem/speciesatrisk/, [accessed June 2009]. There are accounts of swallows nesting on Native American wooden habitations in the early 1800s (Macoun and Macoun 1909, cited in Brown and Brown 1999a). It is important to remember that far from our earthbound field of vision, there is a whole airborne ‘ocean’ of insects flying around above us. However, the current analysis method does not take into account the number of observers per checklist, weather conditions, or spatial variations in observation effort, but simply the number of hours of observation (Cyr and Larivée 1995). 2004). Comparative breeding biology and ethology of colonial and solitary nesting Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in east-central Mississippi. While there have been losses in the amount of some important types of artificial nest sites (e.g., open barns) and in the amount of foraging habitat in open agricultural areas in some parts of Canada, the causes of the recent population decline are not well understood. Auk 101:780-789. In Canada, long-term BBS data show a statistically significant decline of 3.6% per year between 1970 and 2009 (Environment Canada 2010; Figure 3; Table 2), which corresponds to an overall population decline of about 76% over the last 40 years. endstream endobj 2483 0 obj <>stream comm. The apparent survival of adult Barn Swallows across the MAPS (Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship) network in North America was estimated at 0.483 (SE 0.060; DeSante and kaschube 2009). The Barn Swallow nests in small, loose colonies that usually contain no more than about 10 pairs. COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. 2000. 1992. 2007) and across the Maritimes (Bird Studies Canada 2010a). Following European settlement, they shifted largely to nesting in and on artificial structures, including barns and other outbuildings, garages, houses, bridges, and road culverts. Rauchschwalbe 1995. Engle. ** Despite small numbers of individuals, the general status for Newfoundland & Labrador was recently changed from “May be at risk” to “Secure” owing to current population stability (fide Shelley Pardy Moores 2010). 2007). Whittam, B. pers. November 2008. Adults have steely-blue upperparts, cinnamon underparts, and a chestnut throat and forehead. 1989. Pardieck, D.J. Species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list. 1983. Les Presses de l’Université de Sherbrooke and la Société de Loisir ornithologique de l’Estrie. data. En hiver, l'Hirondelle rustique est moins difficile quant au choix de son habitat, évitant seulement les déserts et les forêts denses. Pashley, K.V. Condor 78:471-480. Barn Swallow Hirondelle rustique Range of Occurrence in Canada : Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland/Labrador. Scientific and Geomatics Project Officer, COSEWIC Secretariat, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON. For example, Barn Swallow numbers were reported to have decreased in the late 1800s in New England following the increase of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) that usurped swallow nests (Brewster 1906 in Brown and Brown 1999a). Canadian breeding range of the Barn Swallow (based on Godfrey 1986; Landry and Bombardier 1996; Campbell et al. 1997), but takes less time if old nests are reoccupied and repaired (Brown and Brown 1999a). By nesting earlier, insectivorous species could face greater risk of mortality and increased energetic costs during bouts of inclement weather (cold snaps) that occur in early spring and/or during the breeding season because of suppression of insect prey (Anthony and Ely 1976; Newton 1998; Brown and Brown 1999a). 2007. (2010), Barn Swallow populations in Canada have decreased most profoundly in the Maritimes, where the annual decrease over the most recent 10-year period was 8.1% and 11.8% in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, respectively (Table 2). comm. The Barn Swallow is the most widespread swallow in the world, found on every continent except Antarctica (American Ornithologists’ Union 1998). 2010). Botanist and Assistant Director. Technical Report Series No. Québec. Some observations of the nesting habits of the Barn Swallow. 2002). Are there extreme fluctuations in index of area of occupancy? Lovette. En savoir plus . Before European settlement, the Barn Swallow’s nesting habitat was mainly characterized by natural features such as caves, holes, crevices, and ledges associated with rocky cliff faces (Speich et al. Lohoefener, R.R. Y^}'$����G���a�w���� ~�5Vx�� ��e^�v�ۇ��-g+ "�AC�����s]����ϝ`+�� ���'f�.l�`ѐ9c���(v���](�v�o�srgf�?9���hάhn��`���JK�ɐ�k��]��Oy9i��>�b;�� Ë�I�?��M��@�����B�he����Z��-�KH� 2010). 1997). Several studies, mainly conducted in Europe, have shown a strong link between maintaining farming activities with domestic animals (especially cattle) in the landscape and the occurrence of large colonies of Barn Swallows (Møller 2001; Ambrosini et al. 2007; Federation of Alberta Naturalists 2007; Bird Studies Canada 2010a,b,c). © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2011. Farther east, it breeds throughout most of Ontario, including the Hudson Bay Lowlands (where it is very local and rare), but is absent from most of the forested and muskeg-covered areas of the Boreal Shield Ecozone (Peck and James 1987; Cadman et al. and to exploit foraging opportunities in open, human-modified, rural landscapes. Although poorly understood, the main causes of the recent decline in Barn Swallow populations are thought to be: 1) loss of nesting and foraging habitats due to conversion from conventional to modern farming techniques; 2) large-scale declines (or other perturbations) in insect populations; and 3) direct and indirect mortality due to an increase in climate perturbations on the breeding grounds (cold snaps). Avian predators of nestlings and/or eggs include several raptor species, corvids, House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon), and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), while mammalian predators include feral cats, squirrels and mice (Campbell et al. Barn Swallow life history data based on banding records. In Europe, it is ‘Depleted’ (Burfield and van Bommel 2004). Møller, A.P. Rustay, J.S. Sutherland, G.G. A comparison of the Barn Swallow’s probability of occurrence in Ontario between the first (1981-1985) and second (2001-2005) atlas periods shows an overall significant decline of 35% (Cadman et al. 2011). Bird Populations 9:86-169. Favoriser l’Hirondelle rusque sur l’exploitaon Habitat et reproducon L'hirondelle choisit en priorité des étables, écuries et diverses granges pour bâ'r son nid. For the period 1970-2008, the ÉPOQ database shows a significant long-term decline in Barn Swallow abundance in Quebec of 2.4% per year (P < 0.001; Larivée 2009; Figure 6), representing a 60% decline over 38 years. Barn Swallow populations have also declined substantially in several National Parks in the Maritimes (Fundy, Kouchibouguac, Kejimkujik and Cape Breton Highlands). L'Hirondelle rustique est largement répartie sur l'ensemble de l'Amérique du Nord et de l'Eurasie. More research is necessary to determine the extent to which population bottlenecks are occurring on the breeding grounds versus the wintering grounds. In this study, survival probability did not differ between sexes. 2007). Range of the Barn Swallow in the Western Hemisphere (data provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy – Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International – Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science, World Wildlife Fund – US, and Environment Canada – WILDSPACE; modified from Ridgely et al. 1986). Natural selection on tail and bill morphology in Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica during severe weather. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. Shields, W.M. Before European colonization, Barn Swallows nested mostly in caves, holes, crevices and ledges in cliff faces. Scientist, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3. comm. No. Burfield and van Bommel (2004) reported that the Barn Swallow’s European breeding population underwent a moderate decline between 1970 and 1990. Something appears to have happened sometime in the mid- to late 1980s that seems to have triggered a sharp decline. An index of area of occupancy (IAO) in Canada based upon the 2x2 km grid cell method cannot be calculated at this time, because coordinates of the vast number of nesting sites are impossible to map. Nests are also disturbed or removed from bridges and other infrastructure during routine maintenance activities (Brown and Brown 1999a; N. Mahony and M. Chutter pers. They forage at lower heights than most other North American swallows, usually <10 m above ground and often within 1 m (Brown and Brown 1999a). Allnutt, T. Brooks, D.K. Are there extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence? Competition for nest sites with other species of swallows has been reported in Nebraska, where Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) usurped Barn Swallow nests (Brown and Brown 1999a). ** Formerly described as “Not In Any Category”, or “No Designation Required.” *** Formerly described as “Indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ISIBD” (insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation) prior to 1994. Møller, and N. Saino. 2002. ����c�� 6��o-��&2��v��yvD�\�� ����ny�9QQO����M�.�/�.�X����@��>�|�1 _n���7��z�z�p]O.�����[�%�������0:(o�+�[h��?>խތf��&�H���;.�0fv:i�$���v�oj��ٯ|v�2�=5�/��X�����/�E��8�ӹ6��ѽ'��K0?���?Ð���AM�X��W5��r`xbb�I����F{+��} Sæther, G. Rheinwald, and H. Gutscher. Journal of Applied Ecology 39:524-534. 2010). Nuttall Ornithol. and S. Webb. Atlas saisonnier des oiseaux du Québec. 1997) to 3.7 m in Mississippi and Oklahoma (Grzybowski 1979; Lohoefener 1980). The species is capable of colonizing regions away from open agricultural areas as a result (e.g., logging roads in boreal forests; C. Savignac, pers. L'Hirondelle rustique est une petite espèce de passereau migrateur vivant en Europe, en Asie, en Afrique et e... Hirondelle de cheminée, Hirondelle des granges. Beal, F.E.L. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Neuman C.R., R.J. Safran and I.J. Zink, R.M., S. Rohwer, A.V. pp. habitat, the species composition and abundance of insect prey vari es with time of day, season, and weather conditions. He is currently coordinating stewardship conservation projects on the Red-headed Woodpecker, Golden-winged Warbler and American Ginseng in southern Quebec. Wild species 2005: The general status of species in Canada, NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application], Partners in Flight Landbird Population Estimates Database (, Generation time (average age of parents in the population). Variation in the costs, benefits, and frequency of nest reuse by Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica). Publ. The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta: A second look. 2005). P.O. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P.J. The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is not yet listed under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). Trend in Barn Swallow annual abundance indices in, Table 3. Another limitation is that the database extends back only to the late 1960s, and therefore does not provide a full historical context. Turner, A.K. 2009. �9�� V����{�.�s�6,��V#4W�^$�i;r� �U#b,-G�?+�\3�4����`1���. Eagles, and F.M. Based on results of preliminary unpublished analyses conducted by P. Taylor, who took survey effort into account, the probability of detection for Barn Swallow decreased significantly in all three Maritime provinces between atlas periods – from 0.87 to 0.53 (New Brunswick), from 0.90 to 0.67 (Nova Scotia), and from 0.93 to 0.48 (Prince Edward Island; B. Whittam pers. In Canada, most nests with eggs can be found from May through mid-July, but some nests still contain eggs into August (Peck and James 1987; Landry and Bombardier 1996; Campbell et al. Is rescue from outside populations likely? Barn swallows ( Σταυλοχελίδονα ) OpenSubtitles2018.v3 OpenSubtitles2018.v3 En hiver, l'Hirondelle rustique est moins difficile quant au choix de son habitat, évitant seulement les déserts et les forêts denses.
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