"[6], Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. Unable to prevent its passage, he made another political miscalculation and recommended a friend to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania. After voting for independence in 1776, Franklin was elected commissioner to France, making him essentially the first U.S. ambassador to France. His image as the democratic folk figure from the wilds of … [88][89] In 1853, the oceanographer and cartographer Matthew Fontaine Maury noted that while Franklin charted and codified the Gulf Stream, he did not discover it: Though it was Dr. Franklin and Captain Tim Folger, who first turned the Gulf Stream to nautical account, the discovery that there was a Gulf Stream cannot be said to belong to either of them, for its existence was known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, and to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the 16th century. The Library Company is now a great scholarly and research library. Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSA FRSE (January 17, 1706 [O.S. [citation needed]. [84], As deputy postmaster, Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. Franklin reorganized the service's accounting system, then improved speed of delivery between Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Franklin advised Harvard University in its acquisition of new electrical laboratory apparatus after the complete loss of its original collection, in a fire that destroyed the original Harvard Hall in 1764. [citation needed], Among his associates in France was Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau—a French Revolutionary writer, orator and statesman who in early 1791 would be elected president of the National Assembly. Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in 1752. While in Paris, both as a visitor and later as ambassador, he visited the famous Café de la Régence, which France's strongest players made their regular meeting place. Because of these honors, Franklin was often addressed as "Dr. He was 81. In 1998, workers began the long process of conserving the history of 36 Craven Street, says the Benjamin Franklin House. Benjamin Franklin's father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, soaper, and candlemaker. [citation needed], In 1759, the University of St Andrews awarded Franklin an honorary doctorate in recognition of his accomplishments. "1782: Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States". "Franklin and Slavery." The RSA instituted a Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1956 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his birth and the 200th anniversary of his membership of the RSA. [59] In 1748, he constructed a multiple plate capacitor, that he called an "electrical battery" (not to be confused with Volta's pile) by placing eleven panes of glass sandwiched between lead plates, suspended with silk cords and connected by wires. Benjamin Franklin living in Passy, France happened after he began serving as that country’s Ambassador from 1776 to 1785. Among his inner circle were the printer William Strahan and the jurist Richard Jackson. [108] Richard Strauss calls for the glass harmonica in his 1917 Die Frau ohne Schatten,[104] and numerous other composers used Franklin's instrument as well. [25], Upon Denham's death, Franklin returned to his former trade. Then Franklin electrified him, and thence forward those two conducted all the Policy, Negotiations, Legislations, and War." In 1778, Benjamin Franklin was ambassador to France, but he had more on his mind than just independence. [117]:30 He was appointed president of the Academy on November 13, 1749; the Academy and the charity school opened on August 13, 1751. The Gazette soon became Franklin's characteristic organ, which he freely used for satire, for the play of his wit, even for sheer excess of mischief or of fun. In 1728, Franklin had set up a printing house in partnership with Hugh Meredith; the following year he became the publisher of a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette. I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that He made the world, and governed it by His providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter. After Franklin's second editor died, the widow Elizabeth Timothy took over and made it a success, 1738–1746. [198], The classical authors read in the Enlightenment period taught an abstract ideal of republican government based on hierarchical social orders of king, aristocracy and commoners. In poor health during the signing of the US Constitution in 1787, he was rarely seen in public from then until his death. He was "excited" by tofu, which he learned of from the writings of Spanish missionary to China, Domingo Fernández Navarrete. He conducted the affairs of his country toward the French nation with great success, which included securing a critical military alliance in 1778 and negotiating the Treaty of Paris (1783). [146][147], In 1773, Franklin published two of his most celebrated pro-American satirical essays: "Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One", and "An Edict by the King of Prussia". [233], Franklin also declared the consumption of meat to be "unprovoked murder". Franklin often visited Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, staying at the Moravian Sun Inn. A polymath, he was a leading writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. [116], As he matured, Franklin began to concern himself more with public affairs. For other uses, see, American polymath and a Founding Father of the United States, Franklin's birthplace site directly across from the, These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2008, Offices and Positions Held by Benjamin Franklin, Temperature's effect on electrical conductivity, Agent for British and Hellfire club membership, Places and things named after Benjamin Franklin, Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the, Portraits of Franklin at this time often contained an inscription, the best known being. "[48] He was incarcerated in Connecticut for two years, in Wallingford and Middletown, and after being caught surreptitiously engaging Americans into supporting the Loyalist cause, was held in solitary confinement at Litchfield for eight months. Was Ben Franklin a Freemason? [181], Like the other advocates of republicanism, Franklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous. As a child growing up along the Charles River, Franklin recalled that he was "generally the leader among the boys. … [78] In 1751, he drafted Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. [75], Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of demography, or population studies. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. Franklin did not subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works. There is still a possibility that I may have to hold an inquest. Officially he was there on a political mission, but he used his time to further his scientific explorations as well, meeting many notable people. He became a social lion and was particularly popular with the Parisienne ladies, There he also met, and became infatuated with, Madame Brillon de Jouy, née Anne … He calculated that America's population was doubling every twenty years and would surpass that of England in a century. Franklin and Mirabeau thought of it as a "noble order", inconsistent with the egalitarian ideals of the new republic. In his letter Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin noted that, "One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day. After William passed the bar, his father helped him gain an appointment one year later in 1763 as the last royal governor of New Jersey. Franklin described the experiment in the Pennsylvania Gazette on October 19, 1752,[67][68] without mentioning that he himself had performed it. Benjamin Franklin was born in a small house on Milk Street in Boston, Massachusetts on January 6, 1706, the son of Josiah Franklin and Abiah Folger. [61] After having prepared several turkeys this way, Franklin noted that "the birds kill'd in this manner eat uncommonly tender. [4] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. [citation needed] Franklin took two slaves to England with him, Peter and King, and King left his service there in 1756: by 1758 he was working for a household in Suffolk. "Excerpt from Philadelphia Inquirer article by Clark De Leon", "History of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology", "This is the biggest container ship ever to dock in the U.S.", "Tacoma park renamed after first African American woman to serve as Washington state senator", Panel discussion on Franklin with Walter Isaacson, Gordon Wood, and Stacy Schiff, hosted by Jim Lehrer, January 8, 2006, short biography by a scholar; online free, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305357.001.0001, The Fabulous American: A Benjamin Franklin Almanac, The complete text of all the documents are online and searchable, Experiments and Observations on Electricity. When his brother was jailed for three weeks in 1722 for publishing material unflattering to the governor, young Franklin took over the newspaper and had Mrs. Dogood (quoting Cato's Letters) proclaim: "Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom and no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech. [citation needed], Franklin became involved in Philadelphia politics and rapidly progressed. Although it was no secret that Franklin was the author, his Richard Saunders character repeatedly denied it. Franklin was appointed a commissioner to France to negotiate a French military alliance. [240] He was aged 84 at the time of his death. (The same proposal was made independently that same year by William Watson.) Two years after starting to work at his father's shop, he went to work at his brother James' printing shop. "[143] In Dublin, Franklin was invited to sit with the members of the Irish Parliament rather than in the gallery. Ben Franklin's 'lead letter' After a quarrel with his brother in 1723, Franklin left Boston for Philadelphia, where he again worked in the printing industry. He was the 106th member of the Lodge. [133], In London, Franklin opposed the 1765 Stamp Act. [39][40] The same year, he edited and published the first Masonic book in the Americas, a reprint of James Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons. [citation needed] The Pennsylvania Assembly unanimously chose Franklin as their delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He prayed to "Powerful Goodness" and referred to God as "the infinite". Silence Dogood". In France, however, Benjamin Franklin was famous, being respected by politicians and scientists, and adored by women. Another thermometer showed that the room temperature was constant at 65 °F (18 °C). Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College (now called Franklin & Marshall College). He settled in London, never to return to North America. Franklin promoted the printing press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue. In 1773 Benjamin Franklin was staying in London. Benjamin Franklin was a lover of ... and the United States Constitution but was also the country's first ambassador to France. [127] Johnson went on to found King's College (now Columbia University) in New York City in 1754, while Franklin hired Smith as Provost of the College of Philadelphia, which opened in 1755. He belonged to a gentleman's club (which he called "the honest Whigs"), which held stated meetings, and included members such as Richard Price, the minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church who ignited the Revolution controversy, and Andrew Kippis. In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternative ways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of electrical ground. The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour, who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack called Fortunate Richard. "[62] Franklin recounted that in the process of one of these experiments, he was shocked by a pair of Leyden jars, resulting in numbness in his arms that persisted for one evening, noting "I am Ashamed to have been Guilty of so Notorious a Blunder."[63]. [237], Franklin's "Second Reply to Vindex Patriae", a 1766 letter advocating self-sufficiency and less dependence on England, lists various examples of the bounty of American agricultural products, and does not mention meat. [45], In 1730, 24-year-old Franklin publicly acknowledged the existence of his son William, who was deemed "illegitimate," as he was born out of wedlock, and raised him in his household. [77] Emphasizing that population growth depended on food supplies, Franklin emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America. [126] They decided the new-model college would focus on the professions, with classes taught in English instead of Latin, have subject matter experts as professors instead of one tutor leading a class for four years, and there would be no religious test for admission. Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's fifteenth child overall, and his tenth and final son. The merchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall. In 1757, he was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a colonial agent to protest against the political influence of the Penn family, the proprietors of the colony. [citation needed] During his stays there, he developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her circle of friends and relations, in particular, her daughter Mary, who was more often known as Polly. If I judge some two Reasons con equal to some three Reasons pro, I strike out the five; and thus proceeding I find at length where the Ballance lies; and if after a Day or two of farther Consideration nothing new that is of Importance occurs on either side, I come to a Determination accordingly. [121][122], Between 1750 and 1753, the "educational triumvirate"[123] of Benjamin Franklin, the American Samuel Johnson of Stratford, Connecticut, and the immigrant Scottish schoolteacher William Smith built on Franklin's initial scheme and created what Bishop James Madison, president of the College of William & Mary, called a "new-model"[124] plan or style of American college. Sarah Franklin, their next child, was born in 1743. [100], While traveling on a ship, Franklin had observed that the wake of a ship was diminished when the cooks scuttled their greasy water. Franklin was chosen by the Continental Congress to go to France because there was no other statesman or philosopher among them who could match Franklin’s experience, eloquence and accomplishments. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the late 1750s, he began arguing against slavery, became an abolitionist, and promoted education and the integration of blacks in American Society. Four years later, it was anonymously printed in Boston, and it was quickly reproduced in Britain, where it influenced the economist Adam Smith and later the demographer Thomas Malthus, who credited Franklin for discovering a rule of population growth. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in what was to become the United States of America. [182] When Franklin met Voltaire in Paris and asked his fellow member of the Enlightenment vanguard to bless his grandson, Voltaire said in English, "God and Liberty", and added, "this is the only appropriate benediction for the grandson of Monsieur Franklin. Their first child was named Francis Folger Franklin and was born in October 1732. Shortly after his initial election, he was re-elected to a full term on October 29, 1785, and again in the fall of 1786 and on October 31, 1787. [47] The boy's mother was never identified, and he was placed in foster care. It was his theory, but Franklin wasn’t the first to prove it. He pioneered and was the first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. When he first arrived, he worked in several printer shops around town, but he was not satisfied by the immediate prospects. He wrote about them in a lecture series. [193], Franklin was an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical minister George Whitefield during the First Great Awakening. [citation needed]. [166] The publication was critical of the Society of the Cincinnati, established in the United States. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150, no. Franklin served as the U.S. Van Horne, John C. "The History and Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia". In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son, and recalled his conversations there as "the densest happiness of my life". He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies on August 10, 1753,[10] having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. In 1758 on a warm day in Cambridge, England, Franklin and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of a mercury thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether. He attended Boston Latin School but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading. Her own husband had recently died, and she declined Franklin's request to marry her daughter. He was undoubtedly thinking of William Franklin. [36] However, Franklin's Connecticut Gazette (1755–68) proved unsuccessful. In a letter to Richard Price, Franklin stated that he believed that religion should support itself without help from the government, claiming, "When a Religion is good, I conceive that it will support itself; and, when it cannot support itself, and God does not take care to support, so that its Professors are oblig'd to call for the help of the Civil Power, it is a sign, I apprehend, of its being a bad one."[216]. Franklin’s scientific writings were well known in France, and the doctor himself had visited Paris in the 1760s. Franklin published all of Whitefield's sermons and journals, thereby earning a lot of money and boosting the Great Awakening.[194]. [172] He negotiated a treaty that was signed in April 1783. He had held royal appointments and traveled back to England before the American Revolution, says History. In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-counterfeiting techniques he had devised. Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position. Ambassador to France from 1776 till 1785. [132] Later in 1756, Franklin organized the Pennsylvania Militia (see "Associated Regiment of Philadelphia" under heading of Pennsylvania's 103rd Artillery and 111th Infantry Regiment at Continental Army). He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683; they had three children before emigration, and four after. [31] This instruction in all arts and sciences consisted of weekly extracts from Chambers's Universal Dictionary. [158], At the signing, he is quoted as having replied to a comment by John Hancock that they must all hang together: "Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately. He established a friendship with the Pennsylvania governor, Sir William Keith, and at Keith's suggestion, Franklin decided to go into business for himself. The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 livres, to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects. The anti-proprietary party dispatched Franklin to England again to continue the struggle against the Penn family proprietorship. Benjamin Franklin Franklin served from 1776 to 1778 on a commission to France charged with the critical task of gaining French support for American independence. [citation needed], In 1763, soon after Franklin returned to Pennsylvania from England for the first time, the western frontier was engulfed in a bitter war known as Pontiac's Rebellion. [139], In Scotland, he spent five days with Lord Kames near Stirling and stayed for three weeks with David Hume in Edinburgh. She was one of the colonial era's first woman printers. All his life he explored the role of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in Poor Richard's aphorisms. postage. However, some authors and historians would argue Benjamin Franklin was in fact a British spy. On October 27, 1776 Benjamin Franklin was selected as an agent to the Second Continental Congress in France. I therefore beg leave to move—that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that service. "[201] These Puritan values and the desire to pass them on, were one of Franklin's quintessentially American characteristics, and helped shape the character of the nation. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the committee,[citation needed] Franklin made several "small but important" changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson. He received honorary degrees from Harvard and Yale universities (his first). He became a grand master in 1734, indicating his rapid rise to prominence in Pennsylvania. [142], He had never been to Ireland before, and met and stayed with Lord Hillsborough, who he believed was especially attentive. [citation needed], Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was completely ignored. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today. Franklin quickly did away with all this when he took over the Instructor and made it The Pennsylvania Gazette. [118][119], In 1747, Franklin (already a very wealthy man) retired from printing and went into other businesses. This edict effectively nullified the Edict of Fontainebleau, which had denied non-Catholics civil status and the right to openly practice their faith. [254] Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia.
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